von Schweppenburg's post-Normandy appraisal as Chief of Panzer Group West was that the Normandy Panzer divisions in June 1944 were at 30-40% operating efficiency compared to the high quality Panzer Divisions that were used in France 1940 (he was commander of 14 PzK at that time).
This was based on the established standards of individual training, level of unit training/cohesion, quality of personnel/leadership, capabilities, and other developmental factors.
This and digs into unit histories goes further into explaining why the panzer forces in 44-45 didn't perform as well over the usual stuff (we wuz outnumbered, air power, etc.)
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The German way was to rely on the abilities of their mobile forces (20% of their army) to help them win the war. If this 'elite component' possessed a superiority, it could 'offset' their material inferiority and their infantry divisions, which were much more pedestrian.
The German panzer forces did major re-organization and re-equipping work after 1939, 1940, and before Barbarossa. This was basically a learning and correction period. They started the war being very different, being very high armor like the soviets but few infantry and recon assets, and having brigade structures. The whole structure was re-worked. They learned how to coordinate combined arms, air power, and logistics even better in battle.
A big reason why the performance of the panzer divisions was so good in 1941 and consistently good until 43 had to do with this outstanding preparatory effort in which they discovered the correct synergistic mix and the correct training doctrine. This added even more to their pre-war lead in executing mobile war. After 1941, the general organizational form did not change drastically throughout the war, as it was flexible doctrine that worked well.
This was compounded by the high quality of panzer leaders at the division and corps level- Men like Model was originally commander of 3.Pz. Manstein was a Korps (mot.) commander. Hube was commander of 16.Pz. Rommel, Cruwell and Nehrling, of Afrika Korps fame, originally lead the 7.Pz, 11.Pz and 18.Pz also with great success.
This is how, Hoth and Guderian's Panzergruppes in 1941 destroyed and captured 2,000 soviet tanks for the loss of ~150 write-offs in one week. Most of these enemy tanks were overrun, but whenever the panzer divisions fought the mech. corps, they usually slaughtered them and outclassed them completely tactically. The same happened in North Africa, although to a lessor extent.
The W. allies took two-three years to rework their system to a competitive standard and according their own needs. By 44', the Germans didn't have a particular edge anymore in mobile forces against the west. |
SS-Totenkopf was not in the North. It was in the South.
3. SS-Panzer-Division "Totenkopf" attacking northern part of the Kursk salient. The soldier in the foreground carrying a mortar.
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Even the horse-drawn infantry divisions had various standards of mobility. The original 1941, 9-battalion divisions had thousands of horses and hundreds of vehicles. They were more mobile than the Soviet rifle units, and could outmaneuver them. By early 1942, mobility assets (horses, vehicles) were reduced by 50% outside of those earmarked for Case Blue, which had 9-battalions, 80% mobility.
By 1944 the typical infantry division increased in numbers but was less than 6 effective battalions- often just 1-4 with even less mobility than before.
Bagration was not really a tank dominated operation but was in fact mostly fought by horse-drawn Soviet rifle corps that marched from railheads in overwhelming numbers. The terrain was often poor for armor. The rifle corps, with their attached armor, were powerfully supported by artillery and air supremacy and steamrolled AGC or encircled them without stopping. The L'vov operation was more of an armored operation. |
***Bagration was related to L'vov'. The Soviet deception strategy fooled the Germans into concentrating most of their mobile divisions in AG-NU instead of AGC, leaving AGC weaker. They attacked AGC, and then attacked AG-NU with a second assault force after the chaos.
As a whole, Northern EF and the Italian front was better defended, but this had a lot to do with terrain being unsuitable for mobile warfare. An example of a 1944 vintage 'brilliant defense' is the defense of Rumania in the spring of 1944. This cannot be explained by force correlation, but by superior leadership. These are the only ones that I believe qualify in 1944.
Overall, I don't find their defense brilliant in 44-45.
Their defense was not brilliant or they would not have had effective forces decimated one after the other.
Examples of Wehrmacht 'brilliant defense' are more commonly found in 42-43. Rzhev immediately comes to mind. |
That feeling when I understand it at a glance because Swedish is also germanic. Kinda how Panzerkampfwagen has always made immediate sense even though some friends who only speak english struggle with it.
How about Russian words? I have no idea how to pronounce them much of the time, let alone spell them! |
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They were too busy trying to patch together a new front and dealing with L'vov...
Like "Panzer", "Festung" tends not be translated
We might also use "Hedgehog", "Stronghold", "Fortress"
Certain fortified towns and cities were designated 'fester platz'
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Bagration was also very short (with most of the fighting done in 2 weeks, and then the front stabilized) and one-sided (extreme disaster for the Germans). The Soviets advanced faster and farther than the Germans in Poland.
Bagration (against AGC) and L'vov (against AG-North Ukraine) were interconnected offensives. There is not enough on Bagration, and as far as I have found, only one book on L'vov in english, which is a soviet general staff study from that period.
Bagration is probably the largest operation that receives little to no attention in the west simply because it happened at the same time as Normandy.
Siege of Leningrad is the other biggy
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Lots of Tanks:
Case Blue 1942
Caucasus 1942
Rzhev 1942
Winter Storm, Chir River 1942
Soviet Winter-counteroffensive 1942-1943, Backhand Blow
Belgorod-Kharkov summer 1943
Orel 1943
Mius 1943
Krivoy Rog 1943
Campaign for the Ukraine 1943
Korsun 1944
Rumania, Targos-Frumos I/II, 1944
Bagration 1944
L'vov 1944
Warsaw 1944
Personally, I hope that more will a lot more work will be done for the Campaign for the Ukraine 1943 and L'vov 1944.
Of these, Case Blue 1942, Caucasus 1942, and Rumania 1944 are very fascinating. Books: (Red Storm over the Balkans + relevant unit histories, and To the Gates of Stalingrad). |
That's why they develop decision trees, and plan for alternatives.
Overall, once sufficient experience was developed, they pretty much knew what the enemy units were capable of and how they generally behaved in various situations.
You are right about 'creativity' but a serious upset was generally a rarity. One example I can think of is Chikov/Shuimov's command of 62nd/64th Army in Stalingrad while being outclassed. Another is Mantueffuel's command of the elite 7.Pz and elite PzG 'GD'. Katukov's Tank Brigade in the battle of Moscow. Most commanders don't have the unit quality or the talent to move the formation that creatively and achieve unusual results. |