With regards to infantry being more effective at specific ranges, how does that work? Say for example a Grenadier squad that is more effective at long range... Are they hit by some sort of dmg nerf the closer they are, or perhaps their defense is higher at distance? Or say for riflemen, they get little stat bonuses the closer they are?
How does all that jazz work?
Most guns got a certain accuracy drop off over range, others not so much.
So i.e. a squad of Grens with their Kar98 has less accuracy drop than Rifles with their Garand. So at long range, you do more damage than the enemy.
Other example? SMGs, like Axis Pios use, which fire large bursts with good accuracy at short range, while drop off accuracy and burst rate heavily on range. (burst rate is the amount of bullets fired per salvo).
And another example, upgrades, like LMG42 vs. Bar. The LMG has decent accuracy at long range, and reduced fire rate and short range, so you want to keep it at range. Bar goes the other way, which has less accuracy and fire rate at range, so you want to get close and personal.
In a nutshell: less accuracy & fire rate = less potential hits = less damage.
Firesparks made a nice sheet here:
https://www.coh2.org/topic/50986/coh2-dps-chart/page/1
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https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1LOYMDi_XR7rILsk6HbAZqGihsk22t-45C_6NbQEP-m0/